何以跳脱时间困境：算法控制对零工工作者影响效应的主观时间边界

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0275

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

零工工作者在算法控制下可能被迫做出更多的短期抉择, 是其在看似自由的工作面前更为实际的当下生存抉择。然而, 过往研究却未能将其明确纳入研究框架。本研究基于生命史理论, 创新性提出算法控制下的时间困境本质, 并进一步探讨了“在时间困境中, 算法控制是如何迫使零工工作者做出短期抉择以及该如何破局”的问题。具体而言, 通过两阶段时间滞后田野调查和实验室实验, 考察了算法控制影响零工工作者主动服务行为的作用机制及主观时间边界。研究发现：作为解开时间困境的钥匙, 职业未来时间观缓解了零工工作者感知算法控制与角色宽度之间的负向关系, 及其通过角色宽度对主动服务行为的负向间接影响, 而不同零工行业类型影响了职业未来时间观的发挥。结论有助于推动对算法控制下的时间困境的思考, 并为零工工作者如何跳脱困境提供启示。

关键词: 感知算法控制, 时间困境, 角色宽度, 主动服务行为, 职业未来时间观

Abstract:

Compared with the abstract judgment of the algorithmic autonomy paradox, the impact of time oppression on gig workers may be more intuitive and stronger, but previous studies have failed to incorporate it into the research framework explicitly. Based on life history theory, we innovatively proposed the nature of the time dilemma of algorithmic control and further explored the question of “How does algorithmic control become a time dilemma, and how can gig workers escape from the time dilemma?”

In Study 1, we developed a two-stage time lag survey of 522 gig workers. The participants were randomly sampled from a large-scale gig worker HRM service platform enterprise in South China, which employed gig workers for major express delivery and takeaway enterprises. At Time 1, gig workers reported their perceived algorithmic control, occupational future time perspective, gig industry type, and other control variable data. At Time 2, gig workers reported their proactive customer service performance and role breadth.

In Study 2, we divided the experiment into three parts. In the first part, participants from express delivery enterprises and takeaway or instant delivery enterprises completed the measure of occupational future time perspective. In the second part, participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: the perceived algorithmic control condition, where they read an article discussing algorithmic control, and the control condition, where they read a work culture article unrelated to algorithmic control. In the third part, participants answered questions about role breadth and other control variable data.

Firstly, we found that perceived algorithmic control, as a temporal dilemma, could limit the role breadth of gig workers in the immediate space. Second, occupational future time perspective, as an abstract cognitive process of unconsciously constructing the future in occupational contexts, was associated with specific social goals. Occupational future time perspective strongly motivated gig workers to transcend the immediate temporal space and break free from the temporal dilemma, which constituted the subjective temporal boundary of the effect of perceived algorithmic control on role breadth. Specifically, occupational future time perspective mitigated the negative relationship between perceived algorithmic control and role breadth. Third, perceived algorithmic control negatively and indirectly affected proactive customer service performance through role breadth. This negative indirect effect was moderated by occupational future time perspective. Finally, we found a moderating effect of gig industry type on occupational future time perspective.

This study has the following theoretical contributions. Firstly, by innovatively incorporating life history theory from temporal psychology, we have unveiled the nature of the temporal dilemma posed by algorithmic control and its constraints on role breadth and proactive customer service performance. This analysis sheds light on the antecedents of the autonomy paradox. Secondly, by examining the influence of gig workers' occupational future time perspective on the temporal dilemma, we contribute to our understanding of whether and how subjective temporal frames can assist gig workers in escaping the constraints of algorithmic control. Thirdly, this study broadens the application and context of life history theory, extending it into the technological environment.

Key words: perceived algorithmic control, time dilemma, role breadth, proactive customer service performance, occupational future time perspective

中图分类号:

B849：C91

王红丽, 陈政任, 李振, 刘智强, 梁翠琪, 赵彬洁. (2025). 何以跳脱时间困境：算法控制对零工工作者影响效应的主观时间边界. 心理学报, 57(2), 275-297.

WANG Hongli, CHEN Zhengren, LI Zhen, LIU Zhiqiang, LIANG Cuiqi, ZHAO Binjie. (2025). How to break out of time dilemma: The subjective time boundaries for the effects of algorithmic control on gig workers. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(2), 275-297.

图/表 17

参考文献 118

[1]	Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Remembering the past and imagining the future: Common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia, 45(7), 1363-1377. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016 pmid: 17126370
[2]	Anderson, D. N. (2016). Wheels in the head: Ridesharing as monitored performance. Surveillance & Society, 14(2), 240-258.
[3]	Anteby, M., & Chan, C. K. (2018). A self-fulfilling cycle of coercive surveillance: Workers’ invisibility practices and managerial justification. Organization Science, 29(2), 247-263.
[4]	Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., Simonin, L., & Rolland, G. (2006). Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect. Psychology & Health, 21(5), 571-592.
[5]	Ashford, S. J., Caza, B. B., & Reid, E. M. (2018). From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 38, 23-41.
[6]	Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. L. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 298-308.
[7]	Baruch, Y., & Rousseau, D. M. (2019). Integrating psychological contracts and ecosystems in career studies and management. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 84-111.
[8]	Bergeron, D. M., Schroeder, T. D., & Martinez, H. A. (2014). Proactive personality at work: Seeing more to do and doing more? Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 71-86.
[9]	Braganza, A., Chen, W., Canhoto, A., & Sap, S. (2021). Productive employment and decent work: The impact of AI adoption on psychological contracts, job engagement and employee trust. Journal of Business Research, 131, 485-494.
[10]	Bunders, D. J., & De Moor, T. (2023). Paradoxical tensions as a double-edged sword: Analysing the development of platform cooperatives in the european gig economy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 33(4), 366-382. https:// doi.org/10.1177/10564926231202422
[11]	Buss, D. M. (Ed.). (2015). The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Wiley.
[12]	Busse, C., Kach, A. P., & Wagner, S. M. (2017). Boundary conditions: What they are, how to explore them, why we need them, and when to consider them. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 574-609.
[13]	Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). The stress acceleration hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 7, 76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.018 pmid: 29644262
[14]	Cao, L., Chen, C., Dong, X., Wang, M., & Qin, X. (2023). The dark side of AI identity: Investigating when and why AI identity entitles unethical behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 143, Article 107669. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chb.2023.107669
[15]	Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913-1915. doi: 10.1126/science.1127488 pmid: 16809530
[16]	Caswell, H. (2007). Extrinsic mortality and the evolution of senescence. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(4), 173-174.
[17]	Caza, B. B., Reid, E. M., Ashford, S. J., & Granger, S. (2022). Working on my own: Measuring the challenges of gig work. Human Relations, 75(11), 2122-2159.
[18]	Chan, N. K. (2022). Algorithmic precarity and metric power: Managing the affective measures and customers in the gig economy. Big Data & Society, 9(2), Article 205395172211337. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221133779
[19]	Cheng, X., Liao, S., & Hua, Z. (2017). A policy of picking up parcels for express courier service in dynamic environments. International Journal of Production Research, 55(9), 2470-2488.
[20]	Chisholm, J. S. (1999). Death, hope and sex: Steps to an evolutionary ecology of mind and morality. Cambridge University Press.
[21]	Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., Kessler, I., & Purcell, J. (2004). Exploring organizationally directed citizenship behaviour: Reciprocity or ‘It’s my Job’? Journal of Management Studies, 41(1), 85-106.
[22]	Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(1), 1-21. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000016 pmid: 19210806
[23]	Del Giudice, M., & Belsky, J. (2011). The development of life history strategies:Toward a multi-stage theory. In D. M. Buss, & P. H. Hawley (Eds.), The evolution of personality and individual differences (pp. 154-176). Oxford University Press.
[24]	de Volder, M. L., & Lens, W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(3), 566-571.
[25]	Du, Y., Lin, H., Yang, S., & Xu, G. (2018, December). On the protection of college students’ rights and interests in the “Gig Economy”. In 2018 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science (pp. 408-411). Jinan, China.
[26]	Duffy, B. E. (2020). Algorithmic precarity in cultural work. Communication and the Public, 5(3-4), 103-107.
[27]	Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114-132. doi: 10.1111/1748-8583.12258
[28]	Fan, B., Lv, L., & Han, G. (2022). Online platform’s corporate social responsibility for mitigating traffic risk: Dynamic games and governmental regulations in O2O food delivery industry. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 169, Article 108188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108188
[29]	Figueredo, A., Vasquez, G., Brumbach, B., Schneider, S., Sefcek, J., Tal, I., Hill, D., Wenner, C., & Jacobs, W. (2006). Consilience and life history theory: From genes to brain to reproductive strategy. Developmental Review, 26(2), 243-275.
[30]	Galan, J. I., & Zuñiga-Vicente, J. A. (2022). The gig economy:A preliminary proposal of some distinctive forms. In: A. Gupta, T. Tewary, & B.N. Gopalakrishnan (Eds.), Sustainability in the gig economy: Perspectives, challenges and opportunities in industry 4.0 (pp. 3-18). Springer.
[31]	Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (2024). Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 604-609.
[32]	Harris, T. B., & Kirkman, B. L. (2016). Teams and proactivity. In S. K. Parker & U. K. Bindl (Eds.), Proactivity at work: Making things happen in organizations (pp. 548-576). Taylor & Francis.
[33]	Heiland, H. (2022). Black box power:Zones of uncertainty in algorithmic management. In E. Armano, M. Briziarelli, & E. Risi (Eds.), Digital platforms and algorithmic subjectivities (pp. 75-86). University of Westminster Press.
[34]	Hu, S., Hood, M., Creed, P. A., & Shen, X. (2022). The relationship between family socioeconomic status and career outcomes: A life history perspective. Journal of Career Development, 49(3), 600-615.
[35]	Huang, G., Zhong, S., Wong, I. A., & Lin, Z. (CJ). (2021). Evolutionary selection for travel agencies under COVID-19 adversity through the lens of life history theory. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(9), 917-934.
[36]	Huang, N., Burtch, G., Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2020). Unemployment and worker participation in the gig economy: Evidence from an online labor market. Information Systems Research, 31(2), 431-448.
[37]	Hudson, N. W., Roberts, B. W., & Lodi-Smith, J. (2012). Personality trait development and social investment in work. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(3), 334-344. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.002 pmid: 22822278
[38]	Husman, J., Brem, S. K., Banegas, S., Duchrow, D. W., & Haque, S. (2015). Learning and future time perspective:The promise of the future - rewarding in the present. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory: Review, research and application (pp. 131-141). Springer International Publishing.
[39]	Ivanova, M., Bronowicka, J., Kocher, E., & Degner, A. (2018). Foodora and deliveroo: The App as a boss? Control and autonomy in app-based management-the case of food delivery riders. Working Paper Forschungsförderung, 17, Article 107. https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019022610132332740779
[40]	Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(2), 170-177.
[41]	Jarrahi, M. H., Sutherland, W., Nelson, S. B., & Sawyer, S. (2020). Platformic management, boundary resources for gig work, and worker autonomy. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 29, 153-189.
[42]	Jarzabkowski, P., Bednarek, R., Chalkias, K., & Cacciatori, E. (2019). Exploring inter-organizational paradoxes: Methodological lessons from a study of a grand challenge. Strategic Organization, 17(1), 120-132. doi: 10.1177/1476127018805345
[43]	Joireman, J., Kamdar, D., Daniels, D., & Duell, B. (2006). Good citizens to the end? It depends: Empathy and concern with future consequences moderate the impact of a short-term time horizon on organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1307-1320. pmid: 17100486
[44]	Jonason, P. K., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Gebauer, J. E., … Yahiiaev, I. (2020). Country-level correlates of the dark triad traits in 49 countries. Journal of Personality, 88(6), 1252-1267.
[45]	Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). Wiley.
[46]	Keller, J., Wong, S.-S., & Liou, S. (2020). How social networks facilitate collective responses to organizational paradoxes. Human Relations, 73(3), 401-428.
[47]	Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366-410.
[48]	Khachatryan, H., Joireman, J., & Casavant, K. (2013). Relating values and consideration of future and immediate consequences to consumer preference for biofuels: A three-dimensional social dilemma analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 97-108.
[49]	Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018). Future time perspective: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(8), 867-893. doi: 10.1037/apl0000306 pmid: 29683685
[50]	Kwiek, M., & Piotrowski, P. (2020). Do criminals live faster than soldiers and firefighters? Human Nature, 31(3), 272-295.
[51]	Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2023). Facing the pandemic in the dark: Psychopathic personality traits and life history strategies during COVID-19 lockdown period in different areas of China. Current Psychology, 42(2), 1299-1307.
[52]	Li, Y., Chen, Z., & Zhang, C. (2023). Is the salesperson persuasive enough? The role of the tourists' perceived time adequacy and processing fluency. Tourism Management Perspectives, 48, Article 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101168
[53]	Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151-173.
[54]	Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285-300. doi: 10.1037/a0033266 pmid: 23834418
[55]	Liu, C., Spector, P. E., & Shi, L. (2007). Cross-national job stress: a quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(2), 209-239.
[56]	Liu, S. S., Pei, J. L., & Zhong, C. Y. (2021). Is the platform work autonomous? The effect of online labor platform algorithm management on job autonomy. Foreign Economics & Management, 43(2), 51-67.
	[刘善仕, 裴嘉良, 钟楚燕. (2021). 平台工作自主吗?在线劳动平台算法管理对工作自主性的影响. 外国经济与管理, 43(2), 51-67.]
[57]	Luo, Y. L., Kovas, Y., Wang, L., Stalikas, A., Kyriazos, T. A., Gianniou, F.-M., Likhanov, M. V., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2023). Sex differences in the Dark Triad are sensitive to socioeconomic conditions: The adaptive value of narcissism in the UK, Greece, and China. Current Psychology, 42(26), 22436-22448.
[58]	Luo, Y., Niu, G., & Chen, H. (2020). Early life environmental unpredictability and overeating: Based on life history theory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(10), 1224-1236. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01224
	[罗一君, 牛更枫, 陈红. (2020). 生命早期环境不可预测性对过度进食的影响: 基于生命史理论. 心理学报, 52(10), 1224-1236.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01224
[59]	Luthfia, A., Ramadanty, S., Anita, T. L., Zulkarnain, A., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2021, October). The effect of digital skills on technology acceptance of food delivery mobile application. In 2021 3rd International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent System (pp. 1-5). Makasar, Indonesia.
[60]	MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (2001). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press.
[61]	McAllister, D. J., Kamdar, D., Morrison, E. W., & Turban, D. B. (2007). Disentangling role perceptions: How perceived role breadth, discretion, instrumentality, and efficacy relate to helping and taking charge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1200-1211. pmid: 17845080
[62]	Möhlmann, M., Zalmanson, L., Henfridsson, O., & Gregory, R. W. (2021). Algorithmic management of work on online labor platforms: When matching meets control. MIS Quarterly, 45(4), 1999-2022.
[63]	Morrison, E. W. (1994). Role definitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The importance of the employee’s perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1543-1567.
[64]	Nettle, D. (2011). Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: Integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 357-365.
[65]	Nordlund, A. M., & Garvill, J. (2003). Effects of values, problem awareness, and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(4), 339-347.
[66]	Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., Tsukiura, T., Tanji, K., Suzuki, K.,... Yamadori, A. (2003). Thinking of the future and past: The roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes. NeuroImage, 19(4), 1369-1380. doi: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00179-4 pmid: 12948695
[67]	Otto, B., Kokkelink, L., & Brüne, M. (2021). Borderline personality disorder in a “life history theory” perspective: Evidence for a fast “pace-of-life-syndrome”. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 715153. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2021.715153.
[68]	Park, S., & Ryoo, S. (2021). How does algorithm control affect platform workers’ responses? Algorithm as a digital taylorism. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 18(1), 273-288.
[69]	Parker, S. K., & Grote, G. (2022). Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world. Applied Psychology, 71(4), 1171-1204.
[70]	Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652. pmid: 16737360
[71]	Pawłowska, A. (2019). Employability market orientation of employee on the gig economy labour market. Problemy Zarządzania, 6(86), 58-73.
[72]	Pei, J. L., Liu, S. S., Cui, X., & Qu, J. J. (2021). Perceived algorithmic control of gig workers: Conceptualization, measurement and verification the impact on service performance. Nankai Bus. Rev, 24(6), 14-27.
	[裴嘉良, 刘善仕, 崔勋, 瞿皎皎. (2021). 零工工作者感知算法控制:概念化、测量与服务绩效影响验证. 南开管理评论, 24(6), 14-27.]
[73]	Pei, J. L., Liu, S. S., Cui, X., Zhang, Z. P., & Ge, C. M. (2022). Dose algorithmic control motivates gig workers to offer the proactive services? Based on the perspective of work motivation. Nankai Business Review, 27(2), 104-117.
	[裴嘉良, 刘善仕, 崔勋, 张志朋, 葛淳棉. (2023). 算法控制能激发零工工作者提供主动服务吗——基于工作动机视角. 南开管理评论, 27(2), 104-117.]
[74]	Pignot, E. (2021). Who is pulling the strings in the platform economy? Accounting for the dark and unexpected sides of algorithmic control. Organization, 30(1), 140-167.
[75]	Platt, J. (1973). Social traps. American Psychologist, 28(8), 641-651.
[76]	Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 pmid: 14516251
[77]	Przepiorka, A., & Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2021). People with positive time perspective are more grateful and happier: Gratitude mediates the relationship between time perspective and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(1), 113-126.
[78]	Rank, J., Carsten, J. M., Unger, J. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Proactive customer service performance: Relationships with individual, task, and leadership variables. Human Performance, 20(4), 363-390.
[79]	Raub, S., & Liao, H. (2012). Doing the right thing without being told: Joint effects of initiative climate and general self-efficacy on employee proactive customer service performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 651-667. doi: 10.1037/a0026736 pmid: 22229692
[80]	Ravenelle, A. J. (2019). Hustle and gig: Struggling and surviving in the sharing economy. Univ of California Press.
[81]	Rogers, W. M., & Schmitt, N. (2004). Parameter recovery and model fit using multidimensional composites: A comparison of four empirical parceling algorithms. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 379-412.
[82]	Rushton, J. P. (1985). Differential K theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(4), 441-452.
[83]	Shevchuk, A., Strebkov, D., & Davis, S. N. (2019). The autonomy paradox: How night work undermines subjective well-being of internet-based freelancers. ILR Review, 72(1), 75-100. doi: 10.1177/0019793918767114
[84]	Shibata, S. (2019). Paradoxical autonomy in japan’s platform economy. Science, Technology and Society, 24(2), 271-287. doi: 10.1177/0971721819841995
[85]	Sirola, N. (2023). Going beyond the call of duty under conditions of economic threat: Integrating life history and temporal dilemma perspectives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 179, Article 104292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104292
[86]	Sirola, N. (2024). Job insecurity and well-Being: Integrating life history and transactional stress theories. Academy of Management Journal, 67(3), 679-703.
[87]	Smith, K. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2006). Great minds in management: The process of theory development. Society and Business Review, 1(3), 280-281.
[88]	Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & Van Beek, W. (Eds.). (2015). Time perspective theory: Review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. Springer International Publishing.
[89]	Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 742-752.
[90]	Stulp, G., & Sear, R. (2019). How might life history theory contribute to life course theory? Advances in Life Course Research, 41, Article 100281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2019.04.011
[91]	Sussman, S. Y. (2001). Handbook of program development for health behavior research and practice. Sage.
[92]	Szczesniak, M., & Timoszyk-Tomczak, C. (2018). A time for being thankful: Balanced time perspective and gratitude. Studia Psychologica, 60(3), 150-166.
[93]	Tan, K., Li, N. P., Meltzer, A. L., Chin, J. L. J., Tan, L. K. L., Lim, A. J., … van Vugt, M. (2022). Effects of economic uncertainty and socioeconomic status on reproductive timing: A life history approach. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 3, Article 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100040
[94]	Tasselli, S., Kilduff, M., & Landis, B. (2018). Personality change: Implications for organizational behavior. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 467-493.
[95]	Tonietto, G. N., & Barasch, A. (2021). Generating content increases enjoyment by immersing consumers and accelerating perceived time. Journal of Marketing, 85(6), 83-100.
[96]	Van Lange, P. A. M., & Joireman, J. A. (2008). How we can promote behavior that serves all of us in the future. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2(1), 127-157.
[97]	Van Lange, P. A. M., Joireman, J., Parks, C. D., & Van Dijk, E. (2013). The psychology of social dilemmas: A review. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 125-141.
[98]	Waldkirch, M., Bucher, E., Schou, P. K., & Grünwald, E. (2021). Controlled by the algorithm, coached by the crowd - How HRM activities take shape on digital work platforms in the gig economy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(12), 2643-2682.
[99]	Watson, G. P., Kistler, L. D., Graham, B. A., & Sinclair, R. R. (2021). Looking at the gig picture: Defining gig work and explaining profile differences in gig workers’ job demands and resources. Group & Organization Management, 46(2), 327-361.
[100]	Whetten, D. A. (2009). An examination of the interface between context and theory applied to the study of Chinese organizations. Management and Organization Review, 5(1), 29-56.
[101]	White, W. B., & Culver, D. C. (2012). Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press.
[102]	Wiener, M., Cram, W. A., & Benlian, A. (2023). Algorithmic control and gig workers: A legitimacy perspective of Uber drivers. European Journal of Information Systems, 32(3), 485-507.
[103]	Williams, L. E., Stein, R., & Galguera, L. (2014). The distinct affective consequences of psychological distance and construal level. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(6), 1123-1138.
[104]	Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1997). Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide, and reproductive timing in Chicago neighbourhoods. BMJ, 314(7089), 1271-1271. pmid: 9154035
[105]	Wong, S. I., Kost, D., & Fieseler, C. (2021). From crafting what you do to building resilience for career commitment in the gig economy. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(4), 918-935.
[106]	Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56-75. doi: 10.1177/0950017018785616 pmid: 30886460
[107]	Wu, Q., Zhang, H., Li, Z., & Liu, K. (2019). Labor control in the gig economy: Evidence from Uber in China. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 574-596. doi: 10.1177/0022185619854472
[108]	Wu, Y., & Wen, Z. L. (2011). Item parceling strategies in structural equation modeling. Advances in Psychological Science, 19(12), 1859-1867.
	[吴艳, 温忠麟. (2011). 结构方程建模中的题目打包策略. 心理科学进展, 19(12), 1859-1867.]
[109]	Xu, H. (2021). Childhood environmental adversity and career decision-making difficulty: A life history theory perspective. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(2), 221-238.
[110]	Yam, K. C., Tang, P. M., Jackson, J. C., Su, R., & Gray, K. (2022). The rise of robots increases job insecurity and maladaptive workplace behaviors: Multimethod evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(5), 850-870. doi: 10.1037/apl0001045 pmid: 36222634
[111]	Yang, Q., van den Bos, K., & Li, Y. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty, future time perspective, and self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, Article 110810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110810
[112]	Ye, B., Wang, R., Liu, M., Wang, X., & Yang, Q. (2021). Life history strategy and overeating during COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of sense of control and coronavirus stress. Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(1), Article 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00514-5
[113]	Zacher, H. (2013). Older job seekers’ job search intensity: The interplay of proactive personality, age and occupational future time perspective. Ageing and Society, 33(7), 1139-1166.
[114]	Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2009). Remaining time and opportunities at work: Relationships between age, work characteristics, and occupational future time perspective. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 487-493. doi: 10.1037/a0015425 pmid: 19485664
[115]	Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2011). Maintaining a focus on opportunities at work: The interplay between age, job complexity, and the use of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 291-318.
[116]	Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2019). Why do we act as old as we feel? The role of occupational future time perspective and core self-evaluations in the relationship between subjective age and job crafting behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(6), 831-844.
[117]	Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil:Understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators. In A. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil: Understanding our capacity for kindness and cruelty. (pp. 21-50). Guilford Press.
[118]	Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2007). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288.

编辑推荐 0

Metrics

阅读次数

全文

773

HTML			PDF

最新录用	在线预览	正式出版	最新录用	在线预览	正式出版
0	0	86	0	0	687

来源	本网站	其他网站

次数	691	82
比例	89%	11%

摘要

702

最新录用	在线预览	正式出版

0	0	702

来源	本网站	其他网站

次数	597	105
比例	85%	15%

模型	χ²	df	χ²/df	△χ²(△df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR
四因子模型	125.60	48	2.62	/	0.96	0.95	0.06	0.04
三因子模型	417.22	51	8.18	291.62^***(3)	0.83	0.78	0.12	0.09
二因子模型	980.38	53	18.50	854.79^***(5)	0.57	0.47	0.18	0.17
单因子模型	1332.55	54	24.68	1206.95^***(6)	0.41	0.28	0.21	0.17

模型	χ²	df	χ²/df	△χ²(△df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR
四因子模型	125.60	48	2.62	/	0.96	0.95	0.06	0.04
三因子模型	417.22	51	8.18	291.62^***(3)	0.83	0.78	0.12	0.09
二因子模型	980.38	53	18.50	854.79^***(5)	0.57	0.47	0.18	0.17
单因子模型	1332.55	54	24.68	1206.95^***(6)	0.41	0.28	0.21	0.17

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. 零工性别	−	−
2. 零工年龄	2.76	1.11	−0.21^**
3. 零工学历	1.68	0.72	−0.05	0.24^**
4. 工作年限	3.31	1.26	−0.33^**	0.28^**	0.06
5. 个人职业类型	1.11	0.31	0.18^**	−0.11^*	0.03	−0.17^**
6. 家庭户籍类型	1.66	0.47	0.07	0.37^**	0.16^**	0.09^*	−0.07
7. 零工行业类型	1.20	0.40	0.23^**	−0.10^*	−0.03	0.08	−0.16^**	0.09^*
8. 感知算法控制	4.25	0.46	−0.17^**	−0.02	0.05	0.06	−0.01	−0.03	−0.08
9. 角色宽度	3.78	0.49	0.13^**	0.05	0.002	−0.06	−0.08	0.18^**	0.06	−0.28^**
10. 主动服务行为	3.78	0.60	−0.03	0.10^*	0.10^*	0.09^*	−0.01	0.13^**	−0.04	0.32^**	0.25^**
11. OFTP	4.09	0.64	0.05	−0.02	0.05	0.10^*	−0.19^**	0.05	0.05	0.38^**	−0.05	0.27^**

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. 零工性别	−	−
2. 零工年龄	2.76	1.11	−0.21^**
3. 零工学历	1.68	0.72	−0.05	0.24^**
4. 工作年限	3.31	1.26	−0.33^**	0.28^**	0.06
5. 个人职业类型	1.11	0.31	0.18^**	−0.11^*	0.03	−0.17^**
6. 家庭户籍类型	1.66	0.47	0.07	0.37^**	0.16^**	0.09^*	−0.07
7. 零工行业类型	1.20	0.40	0.23^**	−0.10^*	−0.03	0.08	−0.16^**	0.09^*
8. 感知算法控制	4.25	0.46	−0.17^**	−0.02	0.05	0.06	−0.01	−0.03	−0.08
9. 角色宽度	3.78	0.49	0.13^**	0.05	0.002	−0.06	−0.08	0.18^**	0.06	−0.28^**
10. 主动服务行为	3.78	0.60	−0.03	0.10^*	0.10^*	0.09^*	−0.01	0.13^**	−0.04	0.32^**	0.25^**
11. OFTP	4.09	0.64	0.05	−0.02	0.05	0.10^*	−0.19^**	0.05	0.05	0.38^**	−0.05	0.27^**

变量	角色宽度						主动服务行为
	M1		M2		M3		M4		M5
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
截距	3.61^***	0.17	4.89^***	0.26	3.62^***	0.15	−0.66	0.39	1.51	0.47
零工性别	0.14^*	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.01	0.06	0.01	0.06
零工年龄	0.01	0.02	0.003	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.05^*	0.02
零工学历	−0.01	0.03	−0.003	0.03	−0.004	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.03
工作年限	0.07^***	0.02	0.07^***	0.02	0.06^***	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
家庭户籍类型	−0.05	0.05	−0.07	0.05	−0.06	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.05	0.05
零工行业类型	0.03	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.04	0.05	−0.04	0.06	−0.01	0.06
个人职业类型	−0.16^*	0.07	−0.13	0.07	−0.14^*	0.06	0.19^*	0.08	0.16^*	0.07
感知算法控制			−0.28^***	0.05	−0.58^***	0.06	0.54^***	0.05	0.09	0.07
OFTP					−0.05	0.04			0.05	0.04
感知算法控制 × OFTP					0.35^***	0.04			0.41^***	0.05
角色宽度							0.44^***	0.05	0.30^***	0.05
F	4.69^***		9.08^***		14.83^***		18.65^***		24.67^***
R²	0.06		0.12		0.23		0.25		0.35
∆R²			0.06		0.17				0.10